Mary K Gaillard, a key figure in the development of the Standard Model of particle physics, passed away on 23 May 2025. She was born in 1939 to a family of academics who encouraged her inquisitiveness and independence. She graduated in 1960 from Hollins College, a small college in Virginia, where her physics professor recognised her talent, helping her get jobs in the Ringuet laboratory at l’École Polytechnique during a junior year abroad and for two summers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1961 she obtained a master’s degree from Columbia University and in 1968 a doctorate in theoretical physics from the University of Paris at Orsay. Mary K was a research scientist with the French CNRS and a visiting scientist at CERN for most of the 1970s. From 1981 until she retired in 2009, she was a senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor of physics at the University of California at Berkeley, where she was the first woman in the department.

Mary K was a theoretical physicist of great power, gifted both with a deep physical intuition and a very high level of technical mastery. She used her gifts to great effect and made many important contributions to the development of the Standard Model of elementary particle physics that was established precisely during the course of her career. She pursued her love of physics with powerful determination, in the face of overt discrimination that went well beyond what may still exist today. She fought these battles and produced beautiful, important physics, all while raising three children as a devoted mother.

Undeniable impact

After obtaining her master’s degree at Columbia, Mary K accompanied her first husband, Jean-Marc Gaillard, to Paris, where she was rebuffed in many attempts to obtain a position in an experimental group. She next tried and failed, multiple times, to find an advisor in theoretical physics, which she actually preferred to experimental physics but had not pursued because it was regarded as an even more unlikely career for a woman. Eventually, and fortunately for the development of elementary particle physics, Bernard d’Espagnat agreed to supervise her doctoral research at the University of Paris. While she quickly succeeded in producing significant results in her research, respect and recognition were still slow to come. She suffered many slights from a culture that could not understand or countenance the possibility of a woman theoretical physicist and put many obstacles in her way. Respect and recognition did finally come in appropriate measure, however, by virtue of the undeniable impact of her work.

Her contributions to the field are numerous. During an intensely productive period in the mid-1970s, she completed a series of projects that established the framework for the decades to follow that would culminate in the Standard Model. Famously, during a one-year visit to Fermilab in 1973, using the known properties of the “strange” K mesons, she successfully predicted the mass scale of the fourth “charm” quark a few months prior to its discovery. Back at CERN a few years later, she also predicted, in the framework of grand unified theories, the mass of the fifth “bottom” quark – a successful though still speculative prediction. Other impactful work, extracting the experimental consequences of theoretical constructs, laid down the paths that were followed to experimentally validate the charm-quark discovery and to search for the Higgs boson required to complete the Standard Model. Another key contribution showed how “jets”, streams of particles created in high-energy accelerators, could be identified as manifestations of the “gluon” carriers of the strong force of the Standard Model.

In the 1980s in Berkeley, when the Superconducting Super Collider and the Large Hadron Collider were under discussion, she showed that they could successfully uncover the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking required to understand the Standard Model weak force, even if it was “dynamical” – an experimentally much more challenging possibility than breaking by a Higgs boson. For the remainder of her career, she focused principally on work to address issues that are still unresolved by the Standard Model. Much of this research involved “supersymmetry” and its extension to encompass the gravitational force, theoretical constructs that originated in the work of her second husband, the late Bruno Zumino, who also moved from CERN to Berkeley.

Mary K’s accomplishments were recognised by numerous honorary societies and awards, including the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics of the American Physical Society. She served on numerous governmental and academic advisory panels, including six years on the National Science Board. She tells her own story in a memoir, A Singularly Unfeminine Profession, published in 2015. Mary K Gaillard will surely be remembered when the final history of elementary particle physics is written.

Sandy Donnachie, a particle theorist and scientific leader, passed away on 7 April 2025.

Born in 1936 and raised in Kilmarnock, Scotland, Sandy received his BSc and PhD degrees from the University of Glasgow before taking up a lectureship at University College London in 1963. He was a CERN research associate from 1965 to 1967, and then senior lecturer at the University of Glasgow until 1969, when he took up a chair at the University of Manchester and played a leading role in developing the scientific programme at NINA, the electron synchrotron at the nearby Daresbury National Laboratory. Sandy then served as head of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University from 1989 to 1994, and as dean of the Faculty of Science and Engineering from 1994 to 1997. He had a formidable reputation – if a staff member or student asked to see him, he would invite them to come at 8 a.m., to test whether what they wanted to discuss was truly important.

Sandy played a leading role in the international scientific community, maintaining strong connections with CERN throughout his career, as scientific delegate to the CERN Council from 1989 to 1994, chair of the SPS committee from 1988 to 1992, and member of the CERN Scientific Policy Committee from 1988 to 1993. In the UK, he chaired the UK’s Nuclear Physics Board from 1989 to 1993, and served as a member of the Science and Engineering Research Council from 1989 to 1994. He also served as an associate editor for Physical Review Letters from 2010 to 2016. In recognition of his leadership and scientific contributions, he was awarded the UK’s Institute of Physics Glazebrook Medal in 1997.

The “Donnachie–Landshoff pomeron” is known to all those working in the field

Sandy is perhaps best known for his body of work with Peter Landshoff on elastic and diffractive scattering: the “Donnachie–Landshoff pomeron” is known to all those
working in the field. The collaboration began half a century ago and when email became available, they were among its early and most enthusiastic users. Sandy only knew Fortran and Peter only knew C, but somehow they managed to collaborate and together wrote more than 50 publications, including a book Pomeron Physics and QCD with Günter Dosch and Otto Nachtmann published in 2004. The collaboration lasted until, so sadly, Sandy was struck with Parkinson’s disease and was no longer able to use email. Earlier in his career, Sandy had made significant contributions to the field of low-energy hadron scattering, in particular through a collaboration with Claud Lovelace, which revealed many hitherto unknown baryon states in pion–nucleon scattering, and through a series of papers on meson photoproduction, initially with Graham Shaw and then with Frits Berends and other co-workers.

Throughout his career, Sandy was notable for his close collaborations with experimental physics groups, including a long association with the Omega Photon Collaboration at CERN, with whom he co-authored 27 published papers. He and Shaw also produced three books, culminating in Electromagnetic Interactions and Hadronic Structure with Frank Close, which was published in 2007.

In his leisure time, Sandy was a great lover of classical music and a keen sailor, golfer and country walker.