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Growing the high-energy network

CERN Alumni First Collisions event

Since its launch in June 2017, the CERN Alumni Network has attracted more than 6300 members located in more than 100 countries. Predominantly a young network, with the majority of its members aged between 25 and 39, CERN alumni range between their early 20s up to those who are over 75. After a professional experience at CERN, be it as a user of the lab, as an associate, a student, a fellow or a staff member, our alumni venture into diverse careers in many different fields, such as computer software, information technology and services, mechanical or industrial engineering, electric/electronic manufacturing, financial services and management consulting.

The network was established to enable our alumni to maintain an institutional link with the organisation, as well as to demonstrate the positive impact of a professional CERN experience on society. Though most CERN alumni remain in high-energy physics research or closely related fields, those who wish to use their skills elsewhere, especially early-career members, will find active support in the Alumni Network.

The alumni.cern platform (also available as an app on Android and iOS) provides members with access to an exclusive and powerful network that can be leveraged as required, whether at the start of a career or later when the desire to give back to CERN is there. The platform facilitates different groups, including regional groups, interest groups (such as entrepreneurship and finance) and groups for managing the alumni of the CERN scientific collaborations. Events and selected news articles are also posted on the alumni.cern platform, and members can also benefit from messaging.

A key appeal of the platform is its jobs board, where both alumni and companies can post job opportunities free of charge. Since its launch more than 500 opportunities have been posted with 260 applications submitted directly via the platform, mostly in fields such as engineering, software engineering and data science. Several CERN alumni have found their next position thanks to the network, either directly via job postings or through networking events.

A notable success has been a series of “Moving out of Academia” networking events that showcase sectors into which CERN alumni migrate. Over the course of one afternoon, around half a dozen alumni are invited to share their experiences in a specific sector. Events devoted to finance, industrial engineering, big data, entrepreneurship and, most recently, medical technologies, have proved a great success. The alumni provide candid and pragmatic advice about working within a specific field, how to market oneself and discuss the additional skills that are advisable to enter a certain sector. These events attract more than 100 in-person participants and many more via webcast.

The Office for Alumni Relations has recently launched its first global CERN alumni survey to understand the community better and identify problems it can help to solve. The survey results will soon be shared with registered members, helping us to continue to build a vibrant and supportive network for the future.

Rachel Bray Office for CERN Alumni Relations.

Markus Pflitsch
Founder and CEO of Terra Quantum

Markus Pflitsch

Markus joined CERN as a summer student in 1996, working on the OPAL experiment at LEP. Eager to tackle other professional challenges, upon graduating he accepted an internship with the Boston Consulting Group. “On my first day I found myself surrounded by Harvard MBAs in sleek suits, wondering what we would have in common,” he says. “I think there are two very clear reasons why companies are so keen to employ people from CERN. Number one, you develop extremely strong and structured analytical skills, and this is coupled with the second reason: a CERN experience provides you with a deep passion to perform.” In 2001 Markus returned to Germany as director of corporate development with Deutsche Bank. He enjoyed a meteoric rise in the world of finance, moving to UniCredit/HypoVereinsbank as managing director in 2005, and then to Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW), first as head of corporate development and subsequently CEO of LBBW Immobilien GmbH. The global financial crisis in 2009 led him to pursue a more entrepreneurial role, and he moved into marketing, becoming CFO and managing director of Avantgarde. After six successful years he sought some major life changes, taking three months off and discovering a passion for hiking. In 2018 Markus founded Terra Quantum to develop quantum computing. He describes it as his proudest career achievement to date, taking him back to his lifelong interest in quantum physics. “CERN gave me so much!” he says. “Recently I brought 70 entrepreneurs to CERN and they were blown away by their visit. Not only were they impressed that CERN is seeking answers to the most profound and relevant questions, but the sheer scale of project management of such a gigantic endeavour left them in complete awe.”

Maria Carmen Morodo Testa
Launch range programmatic support officer at ESA

Maria Carmen Morodo Testa

After completing her studies as a telecommunications engineer at the Polytechnic University in Barcelona, Carmen joined a multinational company in the agro-food sector specialising in automation and control systems, whilst studying for an MBA. On the university walls she spotted an advert for a staff position at CERN, which corresponded almost word for word to the position she held at the time, but in a completely different sector: CERN’s cooling and ventilation group. “So, why not?” she thought. “At CERN, I discovered the importance of being open to different paths and different ways of thinking.” In 2004, five years in to her position and with a “reasonable prospect” but no confirmation of a permanent contract, she began to think about the future. “I decided that it would be either CERN or a sister international organisation that would also give me the opportunity to take ownership of my work and shape it.” She sent a single application for an open position in the launcher department of the European Space Agency (ESA), and was successful. “I didn’t know of course if I was making a good choice and I was afraid of closing doors. But, my interest was already piqued by the launchers!” Carmen joined ESA at an exciting time, when Ariane 5 was preparing for flight. She trained on the job, largely thanks to a “work-meeting” technique that allows small teams to be fast and share knowledge and experience effectively on a specific objective, and is currently working on the Ariane 6 design project. “I do not hesitate to change positions at ESA, taking into account my technical interests, without giving too much importance to opportunities for hierarchical promotion.”

Alessandro Pasta
General manager at Diagramma

Alessandro Pasta

In 1987, then 18 year-old Alessandro was selected to take part in a physics school hosted by the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. His mentor Eilam Gross sparked a passion for particle physics, and Alessandro arrived at CERN in 1991 as a summer student working on micro strip gas avalanche chambers for a detector to be installed in the DELPHI experiment at LEP. His contract was extended to enable him to complete his work, and he returned to CERN in 1992 to work on DELPHI. After three glorious years, his Swiss scholarship was replaced by an Italian one with a much lower salary. A desire to buy a house and start a family forced him to consider other avenues, drawing on his hobby of computer programming. “I had a number of ongoing consultancies with external companies so I switched my hobby for my job and physics became my hobby!” Alessandro returned to Italy in 1995 as a freelance software developer designing antennas. In 1999 he joined Milan software company Diagramma, and transitioned from telecommunications to car insurance – where he was tasked with developing tools to enable customers to enter their data online and obtain the best tariff. “Nowadays, this is quite commonplace, but at the time such software did not exist,” he says. Alessandro is now general manager of Diagramma, which is developing AI algorithms to increase the efficiency of its products. He values his particle-physics experience more than ever: “It wasn’t enough to know the physics and think logically, I also had to think differently, laterally one could say. I learnt how to solve problems using an innovative approach. Having worked at CERN, I know how multi-talented these people are and I am very keen to employ such talent in my company.”

Stephen Turner
Electrical/electronic engineer at STFC

Stephen Turner

Following a Master’s degree in electrical and electronic engineering at the University of Plymouth in the UK, Stephen started working for the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), where he sought a three-month placement as part of their graduate scheme. Having contacted an STFC scientist with CERN links “who knew someone, who also knew someone” at CERN – a scientist supporting the Beamline for Schools competition – Stephen secured his placement in the autumn of 2017. As a member of the support-scientists team, his role was to help characterise the detectors and prepare the experimental area for the students, enabling him to combine his passion for education and outreach with technical experience, where he would gain precious knowledge that could be put to use in his current role at the ISIS neutron and muon source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. “My experience at CERN provided me with the bigger picture of how such user facilities are run,” he says. Whilst at Plymouth, Stephen was also involved in Engineers Without Borders UK, which works with non-governmental organisations in developing countries on projects including water sanitation and hygiene, building techniques and clean energy. Although he now has a full time job, Stephen is still an active volunteer, and his interests in public engagement and international development brought him back to CERN in 2018 to share knowledge on target manufacturing and testing with the CERN mechanical and materials engineering group. “Lots of variety, public engagement and outreach were part of the job’s remit and it has kept its promises, he says. “There are not many companies that can offer this!”

John Murray
Private investor and synthetic-biology consultant

John Murray

John arrived at CERN in 1985 as a PhD student on the L3 experiment at LEP. Every day was a new experience, he says. “My absolute favourite thing was spending time with the summer students, out on the patio of Restaurant 1 in the evenings, just chatting. Everyone was so curious and knowledgeable.” Despite the fulfilment of his experience, he decided to pursue a career in finance, reckoning it was a game he could “win”. He found his first job on Wall Street thanks to a book he had read about option pricing, realising that the equations were similar to those of quantum field theory, only easier. His employer, First Boston, soon gave him responsibility for investing the firm’s capital, and by the late 1990s he was a hedge-fund manager at Goldman Sachs. Realising that the investment world was about to go digital, he started his own company, building computer models that could predict market inefficiencies and designing trading strategies. “Finance textbooks said these sorts of things were impossible, but they were all written before the markets went digital,” he says. In recent years, John has turned his attention to synthetic biology, where he invests in and advises start-up companies. Biology is following a similar path to finance 30 years ago, he says, and the pace of progress is going to accelerate as the field becomes more quantitative. In 2018 John offered to co-found the New York group of the CERN Alumni Network. “I loved the time I spent at CERN and the energy of its people. In setting up the New York group, I want to recreate that atmosphere. I also hope to help young alumni at the beginning of their careers. I hope we can help our younger members avoid making the same mistakes we did!”

Anne Richards
CEO at a private finance services company

Anne Richards

Anne came to CERN as a summer student in 1984 and fell in love with the international environment, leading her to apply for a fellowship where she worked on software and electronics for LEP. At the end of the fellowship, she was faced with a choice. “I was surrounded by these awesomely brilliant, completely focused physicists who were willing to dedicate their lives to fundamental research. And much as I loved to be amongst them and was proud of my equipment being installed in the accelerator, I didn’t feel I had the same passion they did. I was still seeking something else.” She returned to the UK and joined a technology consultancy firm in Cambridge where she had the opportunity to run a variety of different small-scale projects. “I really enjoyed that variety, I think that was what I was seeking,” she says. “Now I know that at CERN there are varied jobs one person can do, but at that time perhaps I wasn’t mature enough to realise that.” Today, she works in investment and finance, and has actively sought out roles that allow her to travel and work with people from different places. But a return visit to CERN in 2011 added another career dimension. “A fantastically positive change had happened in my lifetime: the appreciation of the importance of science by wider society. It was time to think how to capitalise on this and help society become more engaged directly with us.” The answer was the CERN & Society Foundation, of which Anne was appointed chair and that has seen CERN proactively engage with society, leading to the future Science Gateway project dedicated to education and outreach. “When we started the foundation in 2014 we did not know how incredibly successful it was going to be. The major part of this success comes from the interest and engagement we have had from alumni.”

Bartosz Niemczura
Software engineer, Facebook

Bartosz Niemczura

Bartosz graduated with a Master’s degree in computer science from AGH University of Science and Technology in 2012. The following year he became a CERN technical student working on databases in CERN’s IT department. It was his first professional experience, and he was immediately captivated by the field of data security. Deciding to enter into a career in the area, he then applied for positions elsewhere, leading to a six-month research internship at IBM Zurich, participating in the Great Minds Programme. “My project focused on big-data analysis, an activity very closely related to my CERN project. I probably wouldn’t have been selected for the internship if I hadn’t had the CERN experience,” he explains. “It’s not just about the experience, but also the CERN reputation and prestige.” Working in a global environment with more than 20 international students was also extremely valuable. Since 2015 Bartosz has been working as a software engineer for Facebook’s product security team in Silicon Valley. “Despite the culture being slightly different at Facebook compared to CERN, I still apply the same approach I learnt at CERN,” he says. “Having learnt to communicate with people from other countries, this is highly useful for me in my current position as I now find it easier to make connections. It’s important not to close yourself off in your office. Go out and talk to people, those who have lots of experience, or who are working on something different from you, ask questions, make connections!”

Maaike Limper
Data engineering and web portal specialist at Swiss Global Services

Maaike Limper

Following a PhD on ATLAS, Maaike became a CERN openlab fellow in 2012. There was a lot to learn in moving from physics to IT, she says. “You need to understand how technology actually works: how it stores your data as bytes on the disk or how your computations can optimise the CPU usage.” Until last year, Maaike was head of aviation surface performance at Inmarsat, investigating solutions to allow aircraft passengers to have a reliable internet connection. One of her challenges was to put data from all the systems involved in passenger internet connectivity, such as ground control, satellites and aircraft together and understand where outages were experienced and why.” As a particle physicist, by contrast, Maaike was dealing with “very specific issues and no longer felt challenged”. She also didn’t warm to the ruthless competition she encountered, especially when the first LHC data were being collected and the normal collaborative spirit was slightly set aside. In her new career, which recently saw her join Swiss Global Services as a data-engineering specialist, she feels she is the expert. “I like the fact that I am constantly kept busy, challenged and, sometimes, very much stressed!” However, her particle-physics training had a useful impact on her career. “At CERN, we are very good at developing our own tools and we don’t just expect there to be a ready-made product on the market.” And Maaike is proud that the detector she worked on sits at the centre of the ATLAS experiment. “I was there, checking that each optical cable was producing the right sound once connected and that everything was working as expected. So actually, yes, a little piece of my heart is there, deep inside ATLAS.”

Panayotis Spentzouris
Head of Fermilab’s Quantum Science Program

Panayotis Spentzouris

Panayotis’s affiliation with CERN began in 1986 as an associate physicist working on a prototype of a detector for the DELPHI experiment at LEP. He moved to the US in 1990 and started a PhD, continuing his research at Fermilab, first as a Columbia University postdoc and then a junior staff scientist. Of his time at CERN he recalls the challenging experience of working for a multi-institutional, multicultural and multinational collaboration of many people of different cultures. “I remember it being a great experience with exposure to many wonderful things from machine shops to computers and scientific collaborations. It was also whilst at CERN that my first ever paper was published, when DELPHI started taking data, around 1990 I think – I was absolutely thrilled. Even though, somewhere in the middle of my career, I ended up doing a lot of computational physics, CERN is where I began my career as an experimentalist and I am always grateful for that.” He did not want to leave fundamental research, and today Panayotis is a senior scientist at Fermilab. In 2014 he was head of Fermilab’s scientific computing division and since 2018 has led Fermilab’s Quantum Science Program, which includes simulation of quantum field theories, teleportation experiments and applying qubit technologies to quantum sensors in high-energy physics experiments. Shortly afterwards, he presented the Fermilab programme to CERN openlab’s “Quantum computing for high-energy physics” event. “Coming back to CERN was actually strange, because everything had changed so much that I needed to follow signs to find my way to the cafeteria!” He would also like to see Fermilab establish an alumni network of its own. “It is good to have a sense of community, especially during difficult times when you need your community to stand up in support of your organisation.”

Cynthia Keppel
Professor, Hampton University

Cynthia Keppel

Having attended a small liberal arts college in the US where the focus was on philosophy, Thia found herself a bit frustrated. “We would discuss deep questions at length in class, and I would think:’ Can’t we test something?’ Physics seemed to be a place where people were striving to provide concrete answers to big questions, so I looked for summer internships in physics, and to my surprise I got one.” She wound up working with a group of plasma physicists who wanted an “artsy” person to make a movie visualising the solar magnetic flux cycle. “I liked learning the physics, I liked being sent off on my own, and it turned out I even liked the programming.” She went on to do a PhD in nuclear physics at SLAC and continued her research at JLab where, one night, while working late on a scintillating fibre-type particle detector, she realised that a colleague in the lab across from her was building the same type of detector – but for a project in medical instrumentation. They started to collaborate, and a few years later Thia founded the Center for Advanced Medical Instrumentation at Hampton University. More than a dozen patented technologies later, they were contacted by Hampton University’s president about proton therapy and realised that they had the know-how to build their own proton-therapy centre, which ended up being one of the largest in the world. “Having directed the centre from the start, Thia preferred the period of building, instrumenting and commissioning the facility over that of clinical operations. So she decided to set up a consulting company, which has so far helped to start 16 proton-therapy centres. “I think that my discourse-based philosophy education has been a help in learning to express ideas clearly and succinctly to people,” she says. “If you’re going to irradiate people, you must explain carefully and well why that’s a beneficial thing. Once you’re used to explaining things in plain language to potential patients or the public, you can give the same talk in a boardroom.”

This final case study is based on an article in APS Careers 2020, produced in conjunction with Physics World. All other articles are drawn from the CERN Alumni Network.

George Trilling: 1930–2020

George Trilling

George Trilling passed away in Berkeley, California, on 30 April at the age of 89. Born in Poland, he completed his PhD at Caltech in 1955 and two years later joined the University of Michigan. In 1960 he joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley and the scientific staff at what is now called the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). He followed Don Glaser, whose invention of the bubble chamber provided a new way to view particle interactions, and teamed up with Gerson Goldhaber.

The Trilling–Goldhaber group used bubble chambers developed at Berkeley to study K-meson interactions. In the early 1970s the group joined SLAC colleagues led by Burt Richter and Martin Perl to build the Mark-I detector for the SPEAR electron–positron collider. The Mark-I collaboration went on to discover the J/ψ resonance, charmed particles and the tau lepton. Beginning in the 1980s, the group continued their collaboration with SLAC to construct the Mark- II detector, which was first installed at SPEAR, and later moved to the higher energy PEP collider, where it enabled the measurement of the lifetime of the B meson among other important results.

George was a key figure in the many US studies in the 1980s that led to the successful proposal for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). He served on the SSC board of overseers and helped foster the early SSC design phase at LBNL. He initiated and led the Solenoidal Detector Collaboration, the first major experiment approved for the SSC in 1990. Despite retiring in 1994, he was instrumental in helping to organise and negotiate the US participation in the LHC. 

Throughout his career, George was asked to take on important leadership roles. At the age of 38 he became chair of the UC Berkeley physics department. From 1984 to 1987 he was director of the physics division at LBNL, where he guided a major evolution towards precision semiconductor detectors – still a dominant theme at the lab today. Work on pixel detectors for the SSC, custom ASIC design, the Microsystems Lab and the CDF silicon vertex detector all began under his leadership. The Berkeley group is now a major participant in the ATLAS collaboration at the LHC. 

A member of the National Academy of Sciences, in 2001 George served as president of the American Physical Society. He also chaired innumerable national panels, committees and task forces. We shall miss him greatly.

Brookhaven launches electron-ion collider

On 18 September, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) officially launched the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) — a 3.9 km-circumference collider which, once completed, will open new vistas on the properties and dynamics of quarks and gluons. The event saw elected officials from the states of New York and Virginia, in addition to senior academic representatives from BNL and beyond, voice their support for the $1.7-2.7 billion EIC, which will be built at BNL over the next decade and require the lab’s Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) to be reconfigured to include a new electron storage ring to facilitate electron–ion collisions.

This project is a win-win both for scientific development and the New York economy

Andrew Cuomo

“COVID-19 has shown us how critically important it is to invest in our scientific infrastructure so we’re ready for future crises, and New York is already investing significant resources to make it a hub for scientific innovation and research,” said New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo. “The state’s $100 million investment in [the EIC] is part and parcel with that commitment, and this project is a win-win both for scientific development and the New York economy.”

The design, construction and operation of the EIC will be completed in partnership with the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Laboratory). In June, BNL appointed Jim Yeck — who has held leading roles in RHIC, the IceCube neutrino observatory and the European Spallation Source — as the project director for the EIC. Yeck will head a newly created EIC directorate at BNL, working in partnership with Jefferson Laboratory and other collaborators.

“The Electron-Ion Collider, a one of a kind facility in nuclear research, is becoming a reality, and I can tell you that this news was received with great enthusiasm and excitement by the European nuclear and particle-physics communities,” said CERN Director-General Fabiola Gianotti in a video message.

Weinberg on astrophysics

Typical introductions to astrophysics range from 500 to over 1000 pages. This trend is at odds with many of today’s students, who prepare for examinations using search engines and are often put off by ponderous treatises. Steven Weinberg’s new book wisely goes in the opposite direction. The 1979 Nobel laureate, and winner last week of a special Breakthrough prize in fundamental physics, has written a self-contained and relatively short 214-page account of the foundations of astrophysics, from stars to galaxies. The result is extremely pleasant and particularly suitable for students and young practitioners in the field.

Weinberg Lectures on Astrophysics

Instead of building a large treatise, Weinberg prioritises key topics that appeared in a set of lectures taught by the author at the University of Texas at Austin. The book has four parts, which deal with stars, binaries, the interstellar medium and galaxies, respectively. The analysis of stellar structure starts from the study of hydrostatic equilibrium and is complemented by various classic discussions including the mechanisms for nuclear energy generation and the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. In view of the striking observations in 2015 by the LIGO and Virgo interferometers, the second part contains a dedicated discussion of the emission of gravitational waves by binary pulsars and coalescing binaries.

As you might expect from the classic style of Weinberg’s monographs, the book provides readers with a kit of analytic tools of permanent value. His approach contrasts with many modern astrophysics and particle-theory texts, where analytical derivations and back-of-the-envelope approximations are often replaced by numerical computations which are mostly performed by computers. By the author’s own admission, however, this book is primarily intended for those who care about the rationale of astrophysical formulas and their applications.

Weinberg’s books always stimulate a wealth of considerations on the mutual interplay of particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology

This monograph is also a valid occasion for paying tribute to a collection of classic treatises that inspired the current astrophysical literature and that are still rather popular among the practitioners of the field. The author reveals in his preface that his interest in stellar structure started many years ago after reading the celebrated book of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (An introduction to Stellar Structure), which was reprinted by Dover in the late fifties. Similarly the discussions on the interstellar medium are inspired by the equally famous monograph of Lyman Spitzer Jr. (Physical Processes in the Interstellar medium 1978, J. Wiley & Sons). For the benefit of curious and alert readers, these as well as other texts are cited in the essential bibliography at the end of each chapter.

Steven Weinberg’s books always stimulate a wealth of considerations on the mutual interplay of particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology, and the problems of dark matter, dark energy, gravitational waves and neutrino masses are today so interlocked that it is quite difficult to say where particle physics stops and astrophysics takes over. Modern science calls for multidisciplinary approaches, and while the frontiers between the different areas are now fading away, the potential discovery of new laws of nature will not only proceed from concrete observational efforts but also from the correct interpretation of the existing theories. If we want to understand the developments of fundamental physics in coming years, Lectures on Astrophysics will be an inspiring source of reflections and a valid reference.

Yuri Alexahin 1948–2020

Yuri Alexahin

On 8 September, Fermilab senior scientist and world-leading beam physicist Yuri I Alexahin died from a sudden stroke.

Yuri was born in 1948 in the Russian town of Vorkuta. After studying physics and graduating from Moscow State University, from 1971 to 1988 he worked at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and, in 1980, received his PhD in physics from the Institute of High Temperatures of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In Dubna, Yuri developed an interest in the physics of accelerators and beams and, especially, of charged-particle colliders, which remained the focus of his work throughout his career. He generated brilliant ideas and made critical contributions to a number of facilities and projects. He proposed a new scheme for a tau-charm factory based on monochromatisation to reduce the collision energy spread, addressed a problem of limited dynamic aperture at high energies faced by CERN’s LEP collider, and recommended the low-emittance option for LEP operation at the W± production energies.

Yuri published pioneering works on the theory of coherent beam–beam oscillations and their stabilisation with Landau damping, laying the foundation for a parameter optimisation of the LHC. Among many other highlights, Yuri ingeniously predicted the loss of Landau damping for the two beams colliding in the LHC, derived analytical formulae describing the emittance growth in collision with transverse feedback and noise, and produced some of the most thought-provoking articles related to the LHC design.

In 2000, Yuri joined Fermilab’s accelerator division, where he made seminal contributions to the theory of nonlinear beam–beam compensation by electron lenses and was deeply engaged in Run II of the Tevatron, playing a critical role in the luminosity increases of what was then the world’s most powerful accelerator. Widely recognised is Yuri’s leading role in the design and implementation of optimal helical orbits to minimise Tevatron beam–beam effects at injection, acceleration and squeeze, and his optimisation of the beam lifetime at injection energy via reduction of the differential chromaticity.

From 2007 to 2018 Yuri led the accelerator theory group at Fermilab. These years were another extremely productive period, as he steered the interaction-region lattice development for an energy-frontier muon collider within the US Muon Accelerator Program. He also invented the so-called “helical FOFO-snake” muon ionisation cooling channel concept. Yuri was closely involved in the operation and upgrade of the existing Fermilab accelerator complex and in other intensity-frontier accelerators worldwide. Not only was he actively taking part in many experimental beam studies, but he also proposed new theoretical and numerical algorithms for space-charge dominated beams, for the Landau damping of beam instabilities provided by electron lenses and for novel space-charge compensation techniques.

Yuri will be remembered by his colleagues, friends and family as a highly intelligent, kind and soft-spoken person. An excellent mentor, he generously shared his knowledge with students and younger colleagues, and many world-renowned physicists are happy to call him their teacher. While being a workaholic, in his leisure time he loved to ski and was an avid sports fan.

Rubbia shares Global Energy Prize

Carlo Rubbia

Carlo Rubbia is one of three winners of the 2020 Global Energy Prize. The 39M Rouble ($0.5M) award, announced on 8 September in Kaluga, Russia by the Global Energy Association, cites the former CERN Director General for the promotion of sustainable nuclear energy use and natural-gas pyrolysis.

A renowned particle physicist, Carlo Rubbia is more widely known as the winner, alongside Simon van der Meer, of the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics, for turning the Super Proton Synchrotron into a particle collider and using it to discover the W and Z bosons. He was appointed Director-General of CERN in 1989 in the crucial period leading up to the presentation of the Large Hadron Collider to the CERN Council in 1993.

The same year, Rubbia proposed the “energy amplifier”, which employs a particle accelerator to generate the neutrons needed to drive a nuclear reactor. Such technology promises the production of energy under sub-critical reactor conditions using thorium, with minimal if any long-lived nuclear waste compared to uranium fuels. In more recent years, he has been an advocate for using natural gas as the main source of energy worldwide, based on new CO2-free technologies.

“You have either energy from atoms or energy from nuclei,” said Rubbia on accepting the award via videoconference. “Energy from atoms is certainly the easiest thing to do… and natural gas is clean and can be used in such a way that the CO2 emissions are under control or eliminated. And you can go on until such a time you will develop an appropriate form of nuclear, which eventually will come, but will not be the nuclear of today.” 

Rubbia won in the “conventional energy” category of the 2020 prize. Peidong Yang (University of California, Berkeley) topped the “non-conventional energy” category for his pioneering work in nanoparticle-based solar cell and artificial photosynthesis, and Nikolaos Hatziargyriou (University of Athens) won in the “new ways of energy application” category for using artificial intelligence to improve the stability of power grids.

There have been 42 winners of the annual prize, with 78 scientists from 20 countries put forward this year. Previous winners include another former CERN Director-General, Robert Aymar, who was recognised in 2006 for work to develop the scientific and engineering foundation of the ITER project, which seeks to demonstrate the feasibility of nuclear fusion as an energy source.

Estonia joins CERN

Estonia’s prime minister Jüri Ratas and CERN Director-General Fabiola Gianotti

On 19 June the prime minister of Estonia, Jüri Ratas, and CERN Director-General, Fabiola Gianotti, signed an agreement admitting Estonia as an associate member state in the pre-stage to membership of CERN. The agreement will enter into force once CERN has been informed by the Estonian authorities that all the necessary approval processes have been finalised.

“With Estonia becoming an associate member, Estonia and CERN will have the opportunity to expand their collaboration in, and increase their mutual benefit from, scientific and technological development as well as education and training activities,” said CERN Director-General Fabiola Gianotti. “We are looking forward to strengthening our ties further.”

Many important opportunities open up for Estonian entrepreneurs, scientists and researchers

Jüri Ratas

After joining the CMS experiment in 1997, Estonia became an active member of the CERN community. Between 2004 and 2016 new collaboration frameworks gradually boosted scientific and technical co-operation. Today, Estonia is represented by 25 scientists at CERN, comprising an active group of theorists, researchers involved in R&D for the Compact Linear Collider project, a CMS team involved in data analysis and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid, and another team taking part in the TOTEM experiment.

CERN’s associate member states are entitled to participate in meetings of the CERN Council, Finance Committee and Scientific Policy Committee. Their nationals are eligible for staff positions and fellowships, and their industries are entitled to bid for CERN contracts.

“As an associate member, many important opportunities open up for Estonian entrepreneurs, scientists and researchers to work together on innovation and R&D, which will greatly benefit Estonia’s business sector and the economy as a whole,” said Jüri Ratas, Estonia’s prime minister, at the signing ceremony. “Becoming an associate member is the next big step for Estonia to deepen its co-operation with CERN before becoming a full member.”

UK report shows impact of CERN membership

An electroplating plant

The benefits of CERN membership go well beyond science and technology, confirms a study commissioned by the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). The report “Evaluation of the benefits that the UK has derived from CERN”, published on 6 August, finds that around 500 UK firms have benefitted from supplying goods and services to CERN during the past decade, bringing in £183.3M in revenue. An additional £33.4M was awarded to UK firms for CERN experiments and from the CERN pension fund, while a further £1B in turnover and £110M in profit is estimated to have resulted from knock-on effects for UK companies after working with CERN.

Over the same 10-year period, 1000 or so individuals who have participated in CERN’s various employment schemes have received training estimated to be worth more than £4.9M. The knowledge and skills gained via working at CERN are deployed across sectors including IT and software, engineering, manufacturing, financial services and health, the report notes, with young UK researchers who have engaged with CERN estimated to earn 12% more across their careers (corresponding to an extra £489M in additional wages in the past 10 years).

Each year an average of 12,000 school students and other members of the public visit CERN in person; 220,000 visit CERN’s website; and 40,000 interact with its social media. More than 1000 teachers have attended CERN’s national teacher programme in the past decade, who go on to teach an estimated 175,000 school students within three months of their visit. A survey of 673 physics undergraduates in eight UK universities revealed that 95% were attracted to study science because of activities in particle physics, with more than 50% saying they were inspired by the discovery of the Higgs boson.

In terms of science diplomacy, the report acknowledges that CERN provides a platform for the UK to engage more widely in global initiatives and international networks, spilling over to favourable perceptions of its members and greater engagement in science, technology and beyond. “Fundamental research requires long-term engagement; international collaboration makes this essential pooling of efforts possible, and the report provides a promising testimony for the future of CERN membership,” said Charlotte Warakaulle, CERN director of international relations.

Being part of one of the biggest international scientific collaborations on the planet places the UK at the frontier of discovery science

Mark Thomson

Carried out by consulting firm Technopolis, the study also quantified the scientific benefits of CERN membership. Over the past decade, more than 20,000 scientific papers with a UK author have cited one of the 40,000 papers based directly on CERN research published in the past 20 years. The report estimates that the production of knowledge can be valued at more than £495M, before even considering the impact of the advances that this research may underpin. Bibliometric analyses also show that CERN research underpins many of the UK’s most influential physics papers.

The new report supports previous studies into the benefits of CERN membership. In particular, a recent study of the impact of the High Luminosity LHC conducted by economists at the University of Milan concluded that the quantifiable return to society is well in excess to the project’s costs (CERN Courier September 2018 p51).

The UK is one of CERN’s founding members, and currently contributes £144M per year to the CERN budget (representing 16% of Member State subscriptions) via the STFC. “Being part of one of the biggest international scientific collaborations on the planet places the UK at the frontier of discovery science, which in turn helps to inspire the next generation to study physics and other STEM subjects,” says STFC executive chair Mark Thomson. “This is of huge value to the UK – and for the first time this report goes some way to quantify this.”

Particles mean prizes

Just five research areas account for more than half of Nobel prizes, even though they publish only 10% of papers, reveals a study by social scientists John Ioannidis, Ioana-Alina Cristea and Kevin Boyack. The trio mapped the number of Nobel prizes in medicine, physics and chemistry between 1995 and 2017 to 114 fields of science, finding that particle physics came top with 14%, followed by cell biology (12%), atomic physics (11%), neuroscience (10%) and molecular chemistry (5%). The analysts also investigated whether Nobel success reflects immediate scientific impact, and found that the only key paper associated with a Nobel Prize which was the most cited that year pertains to the 2010 award to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for experiments with graphene. On average, more than 400 papers had greater impact than the work most closely associated with the prize-winners’ success within a year either side of the publication dates.

Particle-physics prize-winners in the period studied include: Perl and Reines (1995) for the discovery of the tau lepton and the detection of the neutrino; ’t Hooft and Veltman (1999) for contributions to electroweak theory; Davis and Koshiba (2002) for the detection of cosmic neutrinos; Gross, Politzer and Wilczek (2004) for asymptotic freedom; Nambu, Kobayashi and Maskawa (2008) for work on spontaneous symmetry breaking and quark mixing; Englert and Higgs (2013) for the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism; and Kajita and McDonald (2015) for the discovery of neutrino oscillations. The team also chose to class Mather and Smoot’s 2006 prize relating to the cosmic microwave background, Perlmutter, Schmidt and Riess’s 2011 award for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe, and Weiss, Barish and Thorne’s 2017 gong for the observation of gravitational waves as particle-physics research.

The winners of this year’s Nobel prize in physics will be announced on Tuesday 6 October.

Horst Wenninger: 1938-2020

Horst Wenninger

Former CERN director Horst Wenninger, who played key roles in the approval of the LHC and in establishing knowledge transfer at CERN, passed away on 16 July. Horst was universally trusted and his advice was sought regularly by colleagues. He knew his way around CERN like no one else, and knew whom to contact to get things done (and, crucially, how to get them to do it). Before becoming a physicist, Horst had considered becoming a diplomat. Somehow, he managed to combine the two professions, all in the interest of CERN. He cultivated the art of connecting scientists, engineers and administrators – always with the aim of achieving a clear goal.

Born in Wilhelmshaven, Germany in 1938, the third child of a naval officer, Horst earned his PhD in nuclear physics from Heidelberg University in 1966. Two years later he joined CERN to participate in the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC). From the outset Horst was inspired by CERN. Early on he saw the importance of the Laboratory for establishing peaceful worldwide collaboration and relished participating in the adventure.

He was soon identified as a leader, first as physics coordinator for the BEBC in 1974. In 1980 he went to DESY to work on electron–positron collider physics in preparation for LEP, returning to CERN in 1982 to lead the BEBC group. In 1984 he became head of the experimental facilities division, providing support for Omega, UA1 and UA2. For the R&D and construction of the LEP detectors Horst needed to implement a new style of collaboration: for the first time, major parts of the detectors had to be financed, developed and provided by outside groups with central CERN coordination. In 1990 he became leader of the accelerator technologies division, and in 1993 he was appointed LHC deputy project leader, where his profound knowledge of CERN was vital for the reassessment of the LHC project.

The wider community also benefited immensely from his contributions in advisory roles throughout his active life

Horst’s five-year term as CERN research and technical director began in 1994 – the year LHC approval was expected. The day before the crucial vote by the CERN Council in December of that year, the German delegation was still not authorised to vote in support of the project. In a latenight action Horst managed to arrange contact with the office of the German chancellor, with the mission to sway the minister responsible for the CERN decision. His cryptic reaction was conveniently interpreted by the supportive German delegate as a green light, a determined move for the good of CERN. Horst was later awarded the Order of Merit (First Class) of the German Republic.

In 2000 Horst helped launch the CERN technology transfer division and chaired the technology advisory board. Also, thanks largely to his drive, the 2017 book Technology Meets Research – 60 Years of CERN Technology: Selected Highlights was published. Horst retired from CERN in 2003, but continued to make major contributions. He was asked to provide guidance for the FAIR project at GSI Darmstadt, where he was instrumental in arranging the involvement of CERN accelerator experts and later steered the complex and delicate organisation of major international “in-kind” contributions. When, in 2019 the EU approved the “South-East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies” (SEEIIST), Horst was appointed to coordinate the projects first phase.

Horst left his mark on CERN. The wider community also benefited immensely from his contributions in advisory roles throughout his active life. We have lost an outstanding colleague and a good friend from whose enthusiasm, advice and wisdom we all benefited tremendously.

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