Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th Century Physics by George Johnson (published by Knopf in the US: 0679437649, and by Jonathan Cape in the UK: 0224044273).
Murray Gell-Mann befriended me in Paris towards the end of my National Science Foundation postdoctoral junket and lured me to Pasadena. It was the year of the Eightfold Way, smack in the middle of Gell-Mann's two-decade reign as emperor of elementary particles. His brilliance was so intense that lesser folk, such as myself and my sidekick Sidney Coleman, had to ration our time with him. Not only did Gell-Mann devise the lion's share of today's particle lore, but on first acquaintance you would soon learn, through his painfully in-your-face erudition, that he knew far more than you about almost everything, from archaeology, birds and cacti to Yoruban myth and zymology. He once drew a false etymology of avocado, but his errors were so rare as to be cherished.
This book is a brave attempt to interweave two stories. One is the history of particle physics according to Gell-Mann, from the development of quantum field theory to the fall of the Superconducting Super-Collider (which he lamented) and the coincidental rise of string theory (which he championed). The other is a must-read account of the life of a truly fascinating character.
Explaining particle physics to the lay reader is a labour of Hercules. Johnson strives magnificently but doesn't always succeed. After a long explication of strangeness, he drops the ball by asserting that the Xi hyperon has strangeness +2. His exposition of the quark hypothesis is better: how they were invented and named by Gell-Mann; thought of independently by George Zweig, who called them "aces", had his paper rejected and soon left physics; how Gell-Mann vacillated for years between the interpretation of quarks as helpful mathematical fictions or as real and observable particles (they are neither); how quarks acquired their "colours", the change of which from patriotic to primary is given undue significance; and how they have become a crucial part of today's Standard Model of particle physics.
However, bloopers like "the briefer a particle's life span, the higher its energy", "in quantum theory every particle can be represented by a differently shaped wave", "neutrons and antineutrons [have] different spins" and the allegation that mesons are fermions will annoy physicist readers and mislead others. To explain the meaning of parity violation, Johnson asks how a radio message sent to Martians could tell them which side is the left. Two simple answers are given, but they are said to cheat or to "violate the spirit of the game". Just what game is this?
Johnson portrays Gell-Mann's family origins in Galicia and Austria, and his father's difficult accommodation of life in the US, partly via his introduction of the curious hyphen. We see Gell-Mann evolve from an arrogantly precocious know-it-all, to a preppy pretender at Yale, to an aspiring then renowned theoretical physicist and, most recently, to a wealthy and charming curmudgeon with homes in Aspen, Santa Fe and Manhattan.
We follow his triumphant path through the reductionist subatomic world and his recent return to a childhood fascination with the richer world of "complex adaptive systems" consisting of such marvels as birds, jaguars and (says Johnson) the relationship between biographer and biographee. Along the way we learn how Gell-Mann wooed and wed two remarkable women, reared two difficult children and was almost jailed for receiving smuggled antiquities.
This tale of quarks and quirks is engagingly told, although Johnson often resorts to jarringly undocumentable quotations. He has Gell-Mann saying: "But I do know everything'' to his classmates, "Where are the dotted eighth's?" at a concert, "I would rather starve" to his father's suggestion that he become an engineer, "The cross-sections are just details" to Dyson, "[Electromagnetism] doesn't do dirty little jobs for people" to Fermi, and so on. Was Johnson there at the time, like Edmund Morris's imaginary avatar who follows Reagan about in Dutch?
Much is made of the family's rejection of their heritage: neither father nor son wished to be regarded as Jews. Gell-Mann once attributed his name to the confluence of two Scottish rivers. I recall another incident when, as we were wandering about Hollywood, Stanley Mandelstam read the Hebrew sign on a butcher's shop and Gell-Mann immediately corrected his pronunciation of kosher. "I didn't know you were Jewish," said poor Stanley, to Murray's pained "What? Me Jewish?" (Here I adopt Johnson's conceit.) Why does Gell-Mann do this? Why does he refer to Israel as Palestine, and Jerusalem as the citadel of the Jebusites?
Another recurrent motif is Gell-Mann's sometimes extreme difficulty in putting thoughts to paper. He was almost unable to complete his one book The Quark and the Jaguar,and he never did write up his Nobel lecture. However, Johnson errs when he relates Gell-Mann's reluctance to disseminate his discovery of the Eightfold Way. The original version, a well circulated and often cited CalTech report, was created in just a few days.
In summary, I rather like this book.
It explains why Gell-Mann is universally regarded as a great
scientist, but only occasionally as a pompous prig. It
describes his warmth and generosity toward his colleagues
(Francis Low, Harald Fritzsch, John Schwarz and Yuval
Ne'eman, among many others) and his problems with
others (he alienated Zweig, belittled Julian Schwinger,
detested Bram Pais, and his friendship with Dick Feynman
turned sour). Most of all this book gives a new twist to the
classic tale of a poor immigrant's son from the Bronx
making it big in the US.
Sheldon Lee
Glashow.
This review first appeared in the June issue of
the American Journal of Physics. Reprinted with
permission. Sheldon Lee Glashow, who shared the Nobel
Prize for Physics in 1979, has been Higgins Professor of
Physics at Harvard since 1979. He is joining the faculty of
Boston University as the first Arthur G B Metcalf Professor
of Science.
Lie Algebras in Particle
Physics by Howard Georgi (2nd edn) Perseus 0 7382
023 9.
It is fortunate that Howard Georgi has decided to publish a revised and updated version of his famous book Lie Algebras in Particle Physics,the previous edition having appeared in 1982. In this case it may have been a non-trivial problem to decide whether significant changes to the text are pertinent, because, as the author himself points out in the preface to the second edition, "this has been an extremely successful book". Indeed, many generations of graduate students have learned from it the basic algebraic tools in SU and other such Lie algebras, which are at the core of the Standard Model and all of its conjectured extensions.
Besides a healthy evolution from old-fashioned typewriter fonts to modern LaTeX layout, the present edition includes numerous improvements in the presentation, as well as new material. Perhaps the most important piece of new material is an enlarged introductory chapter on finite group theory. This makes the book a little longer, but much more self-contained, because a lot of the group-theory jargon - such as conjugacy classes, characters and the role of the permutation group and Young tableaux - is introduced in a simple form, where the student can see the nuts and bolts explicitly.
Finite groups appear in many physics problems, so their absence from the first edition was somewhat unfortunate. On the other hand, in its present form the book can be used as a rather complete group-theory textbook for particle physics students.
One of the distinctive reasons for the book's success had been the introduction of "physics-flavoured" chapters in which the algebraic techniques were put to work in simple yet important topics in high-energy physics. It is those physics chapters that have undergone comparatively major rewriting.
Keeping the essential outline of the first edition, one notes many changes in wording and emphasis, which reflects the author's desire to suppress anecdotal information - such as the hadron tables of chapter XVII in the first edition, while at the same time making room for more useful theoretical applications. One good example is the description of algebraic constraints on the Higgs mechanism in various common unification models.
To summarize, the book's contents have
been improved while the basic philosophy - introducing the
mathematical tools in a way as concrete and "calculational"
as possible - is kept almost intact. Prof. Georgi has managed
to maintain a fresh and direct "lecture notes" style -
something that students and teachers will surely
value.
J L F Barbon,
CERN.
Statistical Models for Nuclear
Decay: from Evaporation to Vaporization by J Cole,
Institut des Sciences Nucleaires, Grenoble, France. Institute
of Physics Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia 0750305126
(illus. hbk 368pp £80/$130).
This book covers statistical models applied to the decay of atomic nuclei with emphasis on highly excited nuclei, which are usually produced using heavy ion collisions.